Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level. The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology
by
Gilbert N. Ling, Ph.D.
Pacific Press
2001
ISBN 0-9707322-0-1

"Dr. Ling is one of the most inventive biochemist I have ever met."
Prof. Albert Szent-Györgyi,
Nobel Laureate

Subject Index

a, See a-value.
A-band, 66, 67
a-value, 65
α-helical conformation, 257
acid dissociation constant, 64, 140, 145, 159, 161, 256
actin, 154, 185, 192, 245, 246, 248
action potential, 23, 128, 136, 157, 191, 211, 221, 224, 226-232, 255, 265
active transport, 112, 203-209, 264
ADP, 109, 111, 169, 170, 206
adrenaline, 209, 223, 224, 258
adsorption staining method, 70
adsorption-desorption route, 120-123, 134, 199, 206, 230, 264
AI Hypothesis, See association-induction hypothesis.
alkali-metal ion, 50, 55, 62, 120, 140-143, 186, 203
amino-acid sequence, 143, 248
apparent equilibrium distribution coefficient (p-value), 88, 89, 96, 100
arginine residue, 50, 143, 270
association-induction hypothesis, 47, 52, 83, 135, 143, 167, 242

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
     adsorbed, 102
     as cardinal adsorbent, 167, 179
     as EWC, 168, 170, 184, 185, 203, 258, 280
     as principal cardinal adsorbent, 151, 258
     as Queen of cardinal adsorbents, 168, 186
     binding on myosin, 168-169
     congruous anions and Protein X, as "helpers" of, 153, 245
     control of enzyme activity, 176, 177
     control of Na+ efflux, 197-198
     control of Na+ permeability, 198
     effect of, on β- and γ-carboxyl groups, 113, 185, 190, 203
     effect of, on backbone carbonyl groups, 185, 203
     effect on oscillatory ion exchange, 208
     effect of, on salt-linkages, 50, 201-203
     effect of, on swelling, 201-203, 259
     effect of, on water polarization-orientation, 113, 114, 183, 191
     high energy phosphate bonds in, 109, 110, 111, 112
     in active transport, 205, 206, 264
     in death, 268, 269
     in life activities, 234
     in maintaining resting living state, 152, 185, 202, 245, 258
     congruous anions and Protein X, as "helpers" of, 153, 245
     vs. K+ level, 56, 69-70, 71-73
     vs. Na+ level, 69, 183, 205

ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), 25, 110-112, 152, 167, 169, 176
aurovertin, 169, 170
autocooperative transition, 85, 165, 168, 172, 174
autoradiography, 66, 72
axoplasm, 26, 27, 88, 112

β- and γ-carboxyl groups
     adsorption-desorption route of entry via, 134
     alkali-metal ions, rank order of adsorption on, 51, 52, 230, 258
     as proximal sites, 170-171
     c-value change of, 191, 223-224, 228-229
     close-contact adsorption on, 63, 64, 217
     concentration in muscle cells, 190, 248
     control by EWC, 174
     control by ouabain as EDC, 186, 222, 260, 263, 264
     effect of azide on, 223
     effect of drugs on, 281
     high c-value of, on outer surface of frog skin, 205
     in active transport, 265
     in death, 268
     in formation of ionic bonds, 163
     in KCl-induced swelling, 201, 259
     in generating cell electric potentials, 255-256
     in injury-induced swelling, 202, 259
     K+ adsorption on, 56, 62, 72, 73, 137, 153
     KooNa––>K of, 222
     liberation of, from salt-linkages, 50, 55, 93, 142, 200
     Na+ adsorption on, 93, 137, 220, 244, 264
     on cell surface, 264
     on sheep's wool, 119
     on short side chains, 160, 171,
     pK of, during action potential, 266
     Rb+ adsorption on, 122

β-pleated sheet conformation, 77, 146, 147
Berthelot-Nernst distribution law, 36
BET theory, 79
bifacial cell, 204, 251, 252
billiard type of triplet route, 121
bioelectric potential, 21, 41, 213, 216
Bohr effect, 166
bound water, 26, 37, 38, 100, 164
Bradley isotherm, 79, 80, 81, 282
bulk-phase limited diffusion, 124, 125-127, 252

c-value
     across-the-board change of, 171-174, 185, 186, 201-203, 217-218
     as keyboard of life, 255
     change of, in Bohr effect, 166
     change of, in β- and γ-carboxyl groups, 222-224, 263-266
     change of, vs. ion selectivity, 140-144, 200, 230, 256-258, 260
     change of, vs. swelling, 201-203
     definition of, 140-141

c'-value, 141, 143, 171

c-value analogue
     as keyboard of life, 255
     as target of propagated inductive effect, 257
     change during action potential, 231, 266
     change in death, 268, 270
     change of, on H-bonding partner preference, 171-173, 280
     change vs. transient Na potential, 227
     control by ATP, 185, 258
     control by induction, 161-163
     control of bulk-phase water, 147-148, 171
     expression depends on close-contact, 217-218
     in control of protein folding, 143, 144
     vs. entropy change, 166

c'-value analogue, 171, 172, 173
Ca++, 27, 138, 167, 191, 228
capillary condensation, 79

carbonyl groups
     as proximal site, 171
     alternative H-bond partners of, 148
     control by, 185, 258
     control of water polarization vs. a-helix, 147, 174
     c-value analogue of, 148, 171
     c-value analogue, control of, 163, 166, 171, 174
     c-value analogue, changes of, 227, 266, 268
     electron density of, 148, 171
     importance of close contact, 217
     in collodion electrode potential, 216
     in CG electrode potential, 218
     polarizability of, 146

cardinal adsorbent
     ADP as electron-donating, 170
     ATP as principal, 114, 151, 153, 258
     ATP as electron-withdrawing, 168, 169, 172-173, 202, 203, 205-206, 258, 280
     azide as electron-donating, 224
     classification of, as EDC, EIC, EWC, 167-168
     control of cooperative transition, 166
     control, one-on-many remote, 171
     DNP as electron-donating, 223
     drugs, hormones, ATP, Ca++ as, 167
     lactose permease as, 194
     multiple control of, 175-178, 265
     ouabain as electron-donating, 259
     remote control, 263
     valinomycin as electron-withdrawing, 209

cardinal site, 50, 52, 153, 156, 166, 171, 185, 190, 193, 258, 262
carrier theory, 119, 120
cell theory, 6
cellulose acetate membrane, 131-133, 241
central vacuole, 7, 15, 116, 200, 204, 209, 265
centrifugation method, 44, 78
CG electrode, 219, 254
Chiang and Tai's inductive indices, 159
Clark's theory of drug action, 176, 177
close-contact adsorption, 63, 217, 220, 221
close-contact surface adsorption potential, 206, 218, 226
CO group, 75, 77, 153, 170, 172, 174, 228

coacervate, 31, 34, 37, 45, 85-90, 99, 128, 241
     a new hypothesis of, 85

coacervation, 31, 85-88, 99, 129
Collander-Barlund's lipoidal filtration theory, 118
collodion membrane, 24, 119, 133, 216, 218, 254

colloid
     early definition of, 30
     history of, 29
     new definition of, 84
     "non-solvent" water in, 38
     prejudice against concept of, 237
     water in, 36, 138

competitive inhibition, 62
complex coacervate, 31, 45, 128, 237
conductance, 27, 28, 38, 56, 71, 239
congruous anion, 153, 243, 245, 259, 269, 270
CONH group, 144, 257, 258
cooperative adsorption-desorption pump, 205, 208
cooperative assembly, 84
cooperatively linked protein-ion-water system, 151
copper ferrocyanide, 10, 30, 31, 115
creatine phosphate, 102, 111, 246, 259
cross-word puzzle, 272
cryoprotectant, 98

cytoplasm
     as dilute solution, 26-27
     as seat of K+ accumulation, 52, 259
     as seat of Na+ and sucrose exclusion, 52, 259
     evidence for Na,K-ATPase in, 207
     removal of, from squid axons, 112
     sponge protein in, 207, 264
     water diffusion, bulk-phase-limited in, 123
     water in, as polarized multilayers, 75

Danielli-Harvey paucimolecular theory, 118
death state, 151-154, 266, 269
Debye dielectric reorientation time, 78
D-effect.152

depolarization
     electric polarization and, 151
     local, of resting potential, 224
     of cell surface water, transient, 227, 265, 270
     of cell water, 61, 191, 205, 265-266
     of muscle cell water in contraction, 69

D-glucose
     adsorption of, control by insulin, 192
     distribution of, in muscle, 192, 193
     effect on volume of sacs containing extrovert, 106
     permeability to, of protected and exposed cells, 251-252
     priming for adsorption of, 250

dielectric saturation, 50
diffusion barrier, 14, 17, 20, 42, 114, 115, 116, 131, 134
diffusion coefficient, 27, 57-59, 125, 126, 133, 252
dipole moment, 76, 79
dispersive X-ray microanalysis, 68, 72
double reciprocal plot, 62, 192
drug, 2, 147, 167, 168, 175-178, 224, 259, 280
dynamic structure, 75-77, 81, 118, 239, 247-249, 260
ξ-amino group, 50, 143, 153, 201, 269, 270
ectoplasm, 88

EDC
     ADP as, 170, 206
     ATP depletion acting as, 263, 280
     azide as, 223
     definition of, 167, 168
     DNP as, 222
     ouabain as, in controlling ion selectivity, 186, 260
     ouabain as, in controlling ion selectivity of surface sites, 198, 199
     ouabain as, on modulating resting living state, 259

effector site, 177, 178
EIC, 167-168, 258
electric potential difference, 21, 23, 59, 60, 213, 216
electrogenic pump, 212, 213
electron density, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 158, 162, 171, 172, 174, 175, 256
electron-donating cardinal adsorbent, 168, 170, 186, 258, 280
electron-donating strength, 145-147, 162, 185, 257
electron-withdrawing cardinal adsorbent, 167, 168, 223
electrostatic field strength, 50, 51, 139
elemental living machine, 152, 246
EMOC, 20, 53, 57, 69
endoplasm, 18, 129, 150

entropy
     change of, accompanying coacervation, 85
     change of, as cause for salt-link formation in death, 269-279
     gain during deoxygenation, 166
     gain of, as driving force for (one-stroke) activity, 154
     gain of, as driving force for death, 154, 268
     gain of, in cell death, 267
     low, as cause for exclusion from polarized water, 92
     low, in polarized water, 247
     low, in resting living state, 151
     negative, food provides, 155
     of dissociation, 49
     rotational, in polarized water, 92

entropy of dissociation, 49, 189, 238
entropy-driven, 151, 154
enzyme, 25, 62, 110, 154, 169, 175, 176, 206
enzyme kinetics, 62, 63
equation I (van't Hoff eq.), 11
equation 2 (osmotic pressure eq.), 101
equation 3 (permeability of frog skin vs. model), 133
equation 4 (eq. of salt-induced swelling), 201
equation 5 (Hodgkin-Katz-Goldman eq.), 211
equation 6 (modified eq. 5), 211
equation 7 (surviving parts of eq. 5), 212
equation 8 (Horovitz eq.), 215
equation 9 (Nicolsky eq.), 215
equation 10 (Ling's original eq. for resting potential), 220
equilibrium phenomenon, 43, 63
état de chose, 149
ethylene glycol, 16, 38, 45, 65, 95, 100, 101, 107, 108, 117, 132, 240, 253

EWC
     adrenaline as, 223
     ATP as, 168, 206, 258, 280
     definition of, 167
     function of, 171-174
     nerve swelling produced by loss of, 230
     resting potential control by, 223
     valinomycin as, 209

exclusion intensity, 96-99, 246
extended conformation, 75
extracellular space, 44, 53, 54, 78, 79, 180, 188, 189, 195-197, 259
extrovert model, 77, 80, 84, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 102-106, 240, 245, 246, 253

F-effect, 152
field strength, 51, 138, 142, 256, 262
fixed charge system, 121, 136
fluorescence, 161, 169, 170, 185
fluorescence yield, 169, 170
formic acid, 145, 257
free energy of adsorption, 168, 169
free energy of distribution, 92
fully-extended conformation, 31, 75, 84, 114, 147, 239, 245-247, 257, 258
-γ/2, 56, 164-165, 181, 222, 248, 263
gang (of linked sites), 175, 177
gel state, 88

gelatin
     as extrovert model, 77, 241
     as quintessential colloid, 29-31
     coacervate of, 31
     distinguishing features of, 84
     effect of, on polarization-orientation of water, 248
     linear or fully-extended conformation in, 84
     reduced solvency following size rule, 88
     reduced solvency in coacervate containing, 88
     volume of dialysis sac containing, 106

germ plasm, 267
glass electrode potential, 138, 215-217, 220
globular proteins, 31-32, 71, 77, 85
glycolysis, 111,234
Great Wall, 157, 160, 163, 165, 224, 263
guanidyl group, 50, 55, 143, 153, 201, 269-270

half-time of exchange, 252
Hammet's σ constant, 159
H-bonds,144, 163, 257
heat of dephosphorylation, 109

hemoglobin
     conformation of, in living cells, 243
     NaOH-denatured, Na+ adsorption on, 55
     NaOH-denatured, solvency in solution of, 93, 244
     native, no ion adsorption on, 55
     native, solvency in solution of, 92, 93, 95
     oxygen uptake of, agree with theory, 248
     oxygen uptake of, autocooperative, 164
     role in K+, Na+ distribution in resealed ghosts, 113
     salt-linkages in, 55
     vapor sorption of, at very high relative vapor pressure, 104

Henry's law, 36, 46
high-energy phosphate bond (~P), 111, 234
Hill coefficient (n), 56
Hodgkin-Huxley theory of action potential, 225, 228, 265
hormone, 147, 180, 194, 250
hydration water, 32, 74, 141

IAA (iodoacetate), 59, 154, 183, 185, 195, 197, 198
iceberg theory,74
I-effect, 152
imbibition water, 36, 236
impulse, 23, 224
inducer, 194

inductive effect
     c-value as target of, 160, 256
     c-value analogue as target of, 161
     in actions of cardinal adsorbents, 167
     in control of rank order of ion selectivity, 186
     in determining pK, 159
     in proteins, 158
     in protein folding, 143
     initiated by H-bond partner change, 163, 257
     initiated by ionic bond change, 163, 257
     on strength of H-bonds formed in dimers, 161
     transmissivity factor of, 159

influx profile, 123, 124
interfacial tension, 117, 127-129, 133
intrinsic equilibrium constant, 187, 248
introvert model, 77-78, 84, 92, 94, 104-106, 240, 245
ionic bond, 163, 170, 257
ionic theory, 22-23, 210-211, 225-226, 229
ionophore, 209

К channel, 225, 226

K+
     adsorbed in cells, 35, 36, 48-52
     AI Hypothesis for selective
     accumulation of, 136-143
     as free ions in cells, 26
     association of, with fixed p- and Y-carboxyl groups, 48, 238
     concentration of, vs. ATP, 70, 72, 183, 246, 270, 280
     concentration of, vs. ouabain, 186
     in frog muscle, 62, 109
     in ion exchange resins, 120, 136, 189
     in red blood cells, 23, 113, 243
     membrane-pump theory, experimental testing of, 111, 112, 113
     number of, control by one ouabain molecule, 262
     on cell swelling, 200
     on enzyme activity, 175
     oscillatory uptake of, by mitochondria, 208
     permeation of, into cells, 63, 122
     permeation of, through phospholipid bilayer affected by ionophores, 129
     re-accumulation of, in resealed RBC ghosts, 113, 244
     role in living state, 152
     role in resting potential generation, 209, 210, 217-221
     selective cell accumulation of, theory of, 48

KooNa–>j, 248
KooNa––>K, 187, 222-224
К+ -selective microelectrode, 60
K+-surrogate, 68

lac operon, 194
Langmuir adsorption isotherm, 62, 63, 80, 175, 192
latent heat of vaporization, 98, 99
Law of Conservation of Energy, 110, 234
Law of Partition, 36
LFCH, See Ling's Fixed Charge Hypothesis.
linear conformation of protein, 31, 75

Ling's fixed Charge Hypothesis (LFCH) 
     description of, 47, 237
     further development of, into AIH,
     history of, 135
     results of experimental testing of, 52

living state
     active, vs. death state, 154
     conformation of proteins in, 245
     description of, 150
     historical background, 148
     modulation of, by ouabain, 259
     resting vs. active, 152
     role of ATP in maintaining, 168
     soft-iron nail-magnet model of, 150

localized adsorption, 49, 214
long-range attributes, 63

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), i, 3, 81-83, 241, 279
membrane potential, 21-23, 47, 77, 206, 209-211, 216, 218, 225, 253, 255, 265

membrane theory
     description of, 9, 14, 235
     Bernstein's, of cell resting potential, 21
     Cremers's, of glass electrode potential, 216
     (once widely-believed) crucial evidence for, 26-27
     Donnan's, of ion distribution and resting potential, 23
     evidence against, 15, 16-17, 52, 109-114
     Kamnev's evidence against, 16, 44
     of physico-chemical makeup of cell membrane, 115

membrane-pump theory, 2, 3, 9, 105, 112, 148-149, 189, 226, 280
metastable equilibrium state, 267
microelectrode, 60, 61, 71, 237, 239
mitochondria, 131, 133, 208, 223, 251
mitochondrial inner membrane, 241
mobility, 26, 27, 57, 71, 239
molecular switch, 206
molecular volume, 92, 96, 97, 99, 100, 245, 266
MRI, 1, 3, 81-83, 241, 279
mucosal surface, 205-207
muscle contraction, 68, 69
myoglobin, 165, 182

myosin
     carries 67% to 80% K+-adsorbing sites, 68, 168, 191
     conformation of, in living muscle, 245
     free energy of adsorption of ATP on, 168
     К+ adsorption on, 66
     К+ adsorption on β- and γ-carboxyl groups of, 185
     located in A-bands, 70
     most abundant protein in muscle, 168
     Na+ adsorption on β- and γ-carboxyl groups of, 190

Na channel, 225, 226, 228, 265
Na potential, 225, 226, 227
Na,K-activated ATPase, 110, 112, 114, 205, 206
native protein, 31, 50, 55, 56, 93, 103, 143, 240, 243, 245, 251
nearest neighbor interaction energy, 164, 181, 222, 263
negative entropy, 151, 155, 156
NH group, 75, 143, 147, 162, 171-173, 228, 247, 268
Nitella, 18, 87, 116, 128, 149, 204, 207, 209, 252, 265
NMR rotational correlation time, 78
non-solvent water, 32, 38, 100
(NO-NO-NO)n, 86
NP-NP system, 76, 86
NP-NP-NP system, 75, 76, 86, 90
nucleation center, 247, 248
null-point method, 245

O site, 75, 86, 172, 173
Occam's razor, 276
oedema, 36
one-on-one, close-contact adsorption, 63, 72
osmosis, 8, 9, 12, 131
osmotic pressure, 10, 11, 101
osmotically active agents, 102
ouabain, 54, 180, 186-192, 195, 198-199, 212, 222, 258-265, 280
ovarian frog eggs, 123-125, 130, 181, 198, 251
oxidized collodion-coated glass electrode (CG electrode), 219
oxyacid, 51, 140, 141, 143, 230, 256

~P, 110
P site, 75, 79, 86, 98, 239, 249
partial vapor pressure, 79, 102, 108, 253
partially resonating structure, 160
partition coefficient (See q-value.), 213
peer review system, 275
PEG, 65
PEG-8000, 66
PEI, 77
PEO, 77, 96, 103, 106, 245, 253
peptide linkage, 160-163, 171
perfect gas (ideal gas), 11
permanent dipole moment, 79, 80
pharmacology, 167, 175, 177, 258, 275
phase-boundary potential, 214
phlogiston, 233

phospholipid bilayer
     theory of cell membrane of, evidence against, 123-131
     failed as model of membrane potential, 210

pK, See also acid dissociation constant.
     as measure of electron-donating strength, 145, 257
     inductive effect on, 158
     of ion exchange resins, 137

plasma membrane, 7, 11, 12, 114, 118
Plasmahaut, 11, 115, 118

PM theory
     for cell volume, 105-108
     low interfacial tension, predicted by, 128-129
     summary of, 75, 118

polarizability, 137-143, 146, 162, 262
polarized multilayer theory of cell water, (See PM theory.), 73
polyethylene glycol, 95
poly(ethylene oxide), 106, 107
polypeptide chain, 75, 84, 159-161, 170, 185, 248-249, 263
pre-existence theory, 42
primer, 192-194, 250
proline, 84
Protein-X, 153

protoplasm
     as building block of cell, 6
     as coacervate, 37
     as colloid, 29
     definition of (living), 150
     droplets of, 18, 34, 128
     elemental living machine, 152
     extrovert model for, 77, 95, 240
     history of discovery, 6
     inanimate model of, for one-on-many remote control, 150, 156, 157, 159
     KCl-induced swelling of, 200
     as physical basis of life, only in living state, 148
     long-range energy and information transfer in, 248
     NaCl-induced swelling in injured, 208
     polypeptide chain as the unique feature of, 159
     reduced solvency of, 35-37
     suggested affinity for K+ but not for Na+, 35
     surface, in action potential, 221

protoplasmic doctrine, 6, 35, 126
protoplast, 7, 14, 15
proximal functional groups, 160, 171, 181
proximal site, 170, 171
PVME, 77, 86- 89, 104, 106, 245, 253
PVP, 77, 89, 90, 104, 245

quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS), 78, 84, 240
quenching, 169, 170, 185

q-value (true equilibrium distribution coefficient), 32, 90, 92-97
     definition of, 92
     of ethylene glycol, 100
     of glycine, 194
     of Na+, 180, 183
     of Mg++, 181
     of sucrose, 100, 183
     of urea, 100
     role in determining permeability, 133
     following size rule, 92, 93, 97, 99

ρ-value, 88, 96, 100
radioactive tracer technique, 17
random-coil conformation, 144
rank order of ion selectivity, 139, 230
receptor site, 147, 167, 177, 258
reciprocal plot, 62, 64, 192
red cell ghost, 113, 183
relative vapor pressure, 40, 41, 80, 101-104, 245

resting potential
     basic mechanism shared with that for ion distribution, 136
     Bernstein's theory of, 21
     control of, by adrenaline as EWC, 223, 224
     control of, by ouabain as EDC, 222
     Donnan's theory of, 22
     failure to find inanimate model for membrane theory of, 254
     historic background of, 209-212
     inanimate model for close-contact surface adsorption theory of, 253-255
     Ling's close-contact surface adsorption potential of, 208, 217-219, 264
     of protoplasmic droplets, 128

rigor mortis, 155, 270
rotational diffusion coefficient, 78, 84, 240
rotational entropy, 92

salt linkage, 107, 201, 256, 259, 268-270
saltatory route, 120, 134, 194, 198, 206, 259
salt-linkage hypothesis, 50, 55, 238
sarcode.6, 18, 88
saturated hydrocarbon, 159
secondary structure of proteins, 144
semipermeability, 8, 116, 117
semipermeable membrane, 11, 23, 117
serosal membrane, 206, 207, 265
short-range attribute, 63, 72, 217, 220, 262
sigmoid curve, 164
sigmoidity, 164
size rule, 92, 93, 96, 100, 106
sodium azide, 223, 224
sodium pump, 24, 47, 52-54, 109, 110-112, 114, 213, 222, 235, 237
sodium pump hypothesis, 24, 25, 47, 109-111, 114, 179, 237
soma, 267
sponge protein, 206, 264
standing K potential, 225, 227
standing Na potential, 225-227, 265
static structure, 77
statistical mechanics, 96
steady state, 242
subcellular particles, 110

sucrose
     antiparallel change in concentration of, in dying muscle, to ATP, 181-183
     duffusion coefficient of, in (injured) cytoplasm, 27
     accelerated permeability to, during action potential, 231
     Kamnev's demonstration of membrane permeability to, 42-45
     as (supposedly) impermeant solute, 231-235
     in Pfeffer's classic study of osmotic pressure, 27
     injured cells do not swell in isotonic solution of, 203
     permeability through frog skin correlates with that through model, 133, 240
     q-value of, in cell water, 92
     q-value of, in solution of NaOH-denatured hemoglobin, 92
     q-value of, in solution of native hemoglobin, 92
     q-value of, in solution of urea-denatured proteins, 98
     straight-line distribution curve of, incompatible with pump, 181

sulfonate group, 119, 137, 190
supercooling, 74
surface component of the polarization energy, 96
surface-limited diffusion, 123
swelling and shrinkage, 78, 105-107, 179
swelling water, 36, 40
switch protein, 206
switching, 169

T1, 81, 82, 189
T1/2, 197, 252
Т2, 81, 82, 189
Taft's induction constant, i, 159, 162
tritiated water, 57, 59, 123, 124
Troshin equation, 46, 180, 181, 237, 250, 251, 282
true active transport, 179, 204, 208, 265, 266
true equilibrium distribution coefficient, 92, 101
Tyndall phenomenon, 30
ultramicroscope, 30
unifacial cell, 114, 194, 204, 250, 251
unifying theory, 47, 276
urea, 26, 38, 45, 77, 98, 100, 101, 106, 239, 240
Us, 96, 98, 100
Uvp, 96, 98, 99, 186, 246, 248

vacuole, 15, 87,200
valinomycin, 120, 129-131, 133, 208, 209
vapor sorption, 78, 103, 240, 245
vesicular membrane, 15, 114, 116, 204
Volta chain, 213

X-ray absorption-edge fine structure, 60

Yang-Ling cooperative adsorption isotherm, 165-166, 186, 221, 283

Z-line, 68, 70, 73, 191

Разделы книги
"Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level.
The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology":

Contents (PDF 218 Kb)
Preface (
PDF 155 Kb)
Answers to Reader's Queries (Read First!) (
PDF 120 Kb)
Introduction

1. How It Began on the Wrong Foot---Perhaps Inescapably
2. The Same Mistake Repeated in Cell Physiology
3. How the Membrane Theory Began
4. Evidence for a Cell Membrane Covering All Living Cells
5. Evidence for the Cell Content as a Dilute Solution
6. Colloid, the Brain Child of a Chemist
7. Legacy of the Nearly Forgotten Pioneers
8. Aftermath of the Rout
9. Troshin's Sorption Theory for Solute Distribution
10. Ling's Fixed Charge Hypothesis (LFCH)
11. The Polarized Multilayer Theory of Cell Water
12. The Membrane-Pump Theory and Grave Contradictions
13. The Physico-chemical Makeup of the Cell Membrane
14. The Living State: Electronic Mechanisms for its Maintenance and Control
15. Physiological Activities: Electronic Mechanisms and Their Control by ATP, Drugs, Hormones and Other Cardinal Adsorbents
16. Summary Plus
17. Epilogue 

A Super-Glossary

List of Abbreviations
List of Figures, Tables and Equations
References (
PDF 193 Kb)
Subject Index
About the Author

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